Androcentrism (Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of, andro-, "man, male") is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one's view of the world and its culture and history. The related adjective is androcentric, while the opposite of androcentrism is gynocentrism Gynocentrism is a belief system whereby the perceptions, needs and desires of women have primacy. In this system, the female view is the reference point or lens through which matters are analysed.
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Origin of Term
The term androcentrism has been introduced as an analytic concept by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the scientific debate. Perkins Gilman described androcentric practises in society and the resulting problems in her investigation on The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture, published in 1911. Thus androcentrism can be understood as a societal A Society or a human society is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations such as social status, roles and social networks. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals sharing a distinctive culture and institutions. Without an article, the term refers either to the entirety of fixation on masculinity Masculinity is manly character. It specifically describes men and boys, that is personal and human, unlike male which can also be used to describe animals, or masculine which can also be used to describe noun classes. When masculine is used to describe men, it can have degrees of comparison—more masculine, most masculine. The opposite can be. According to Perkins Gilman, masculine patterns of life and masculine mindsets In decision theory and general systems theory, a mindset is a set of assumptions, methods or notations held by one or more people or groups of people which is so established that it creates a powerful incentive within these people or groups to continue to adopt or accept prior behaviours, choices, or tools. This phenomenon of cognitive bias is claimed universality In philosophy, universalism is a doctrine or school claiming universal facts can be discovered and is therefore understood as being in opposition to relativism. In certain religions, Universality is the quality ascribed to an entity whose existence is consistent throughout the universe. When used in the context of ethics, the meaning of universal while female ones were considered as deviance.
Male and female education
In the past boys and men were expected to have better formal education than girls and women. Before universal literacy, girls and women were less frequently able to read and write than boys and men were. Therefore written material tended to reflect the male point of view. This may be true in developing countries Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with a low level of material well being. There is no single internationally-recognized definition of developed country, and the levels of development may vary widely within so-called developing countries, with some developing countries having high average standards of living today. Well into the second half of the 20th century young men entered university A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of far more frequently than young women. Some universities consciously practised a numerus clausus Numerus clausus is one of many methods used to limit the number of students who may study at a university. In many cases, the goal of the numerus clauses is simply to limit the number of students to the maximum feasible in some particularly sought-after areas of studies and restricted the number of female undergraduates they accepted. Therefore “Educated Opinion” risked being androcentric. Today women in industrialized countries have far better access to education.[1]
See also
- Gynocentrism Gynocentrism is a belief system whereby the perceptions, needs and desires of women have primacy. In this system, the female view is the reference point or lens through which matters are analysed
- Masculinity Masculinity is manly character. It specifically describes men and boys, that is personal and human, unlike male which can also be used to describe animals, or masculine which can also be used to describe noun classes. When masculine is used to describe men, it can have degrees of comparison—more masculine, most masculine. The opposite can be
- Patriarchy Patriarchy is a social system in which the father or eldest male is head of the household, having authority over women and children. Patriarchy also refers to a system of government by males, and to the dominance of men in social or cultural systems. It may also include title being traced through the male line
Literature
- Fox Keller, Evelyn Evelyn Fox Keller is an American physicist, author, and feminist and is currently a Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Keller has also taught at New York University and in the department of rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley. Reflections on Gender and Science. Yale University Press, 1985.
- Ginzberg, Ruth. “Uncovering Gynocentric Science,” in Feminism and Science, ed. Nancy Tuana, (Bloomington, IN: IUP, 1989): 69-84
- Harding, Sandra Sandra G. Harding is an American philosopher of feminist and postcolonial theory, epistemology, research methodology and philosophy of science and Merrill B. Hintikka, ed. Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. 1983.
- Harding, Sandra. The Science Question in Feminism. 1986.
- Harding, Sandra. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking from Women's Lives. 1991.
References
External links
Categories: Epistemology Categories: Branches of philosophy | Science studies | Knowledge | Feminist philosophy Categories: Philosophical movements | Social philosophy | Feminism | Philosophy of science Albert Einstein · Alfred North Whitehead · Aristotle · Auguste Comte · Averroes · Berlin Circle · Carl Gustav Hempel · C. D. Broad · Charles Sanders Peirce · Dominicus Gundissalinus · Daniel Dennett · Epicurians · Francis Bacon · Friedrich Schelling · Galileo Galilei · Henri Poincaré · Herbert Spencer · Hugh of Saint Victor · | Sexual and gender prejudices | Feminism and society
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