Crime of apartheid The term apartheid, from Afrikaans for "apartness," was the official name of the South African system of racial segregation which existed after 1948. Complaints about the system were brought to the United Nations as early as 12 July 1948 when Dr. Padmanabha Pillai, the representative of India to the United Nations, circulated a letter to · CERD The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is a United Nations convention. A second-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. Controversially, the Convention also requires its · CEDAW The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women is an international convention adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it came into force on 3 September 1981. The United States is the only developed nation that has not ratified the CEDAW. Several · CDE Convention against Discrimination in Education is a convention adopted by UNESCO in 1960 aiming to combat segregation and discrimination in the field of education. It has entered into force in 1962. There is an additional Protocol Instituting a Conciliation and Good offices Commission, adopted in 1962 and entering force in 1968. As of March, 2010, · ILO C111 Discrimination Convention, 1958 is an International Labour Organization Convention · ILO C100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 is an International Labour Organization Convention · ILO C169 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 is an International Labour Organization Convention, also known as ILO-convention 169, or C169. It is the major binding international convention concerning indigenous peoples, and a forerunner of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples · Protocol No. 12 ECHR Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is an anti-discrimination treaty of the Council of Europe. It was adopted on November 4, 2000, in Rome and entered into force on April 1, 2005, after tenth ratification. As of February, 2010, it has 17 member states and 20 signatories (from 47 CoE member

Other forms

Adultcentrism CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Androcentrism Androcentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one's view of the world and its culture and history. The related adjective is androcentric, while the opposite of androcentrism is gynocentrism · Anthropocentrism Anthropocentrism is a concept that human beings may regard themselves as the central and most significant entities in the universe, or that they assess reality through an exclusively human perspective. The term can be used interchangeably with humanocentrism, while the first concept can also be referred to as human supremacy. The views are · Audism CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Colorism CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Cronyism CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion · Economic Crime of apartheid · CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Genism CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Gynocentrism Gynocentrism is a belief system whereby the perceptions, needs and desires of women have primacy. In this system, the female view is the reference point or lens through which matters are analysed Linguicism CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Nepotism CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Triumphalism Triumphalism is the attitude or belief that a particular doctrine, religion, culture, or social system is superior to and should triumph over all others. Triumphalism is not an articulated doctrine but rather a term that is used to characterize certain attitudes or belief systems by parties such as political commentators and historians

Related topics

Bigotry CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR · Diversity The term diversity is a form of euphemistic shorthand to describe differences in racial or ethnic classifications, age, gender, religion, philosophy, physical abilities, socioeconomic background, sexual orientation, gender identity, intelligence, mental health, physical health, genetic attributes, behavior, attractiveness, cultural values, or · Eugenics Eugenics is the study and practice of selective breeding applied to humans, with the aim of improving the species. In a historical and broader sense, eugenics can also be a study of "improving human genetic qualities." Advocates of eugenics sought to counter what they regarded as dysgenic dynamics within the human gene pool. Specifically, · Oppression Oppression is the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. It can also be defined as an act or instance of oppressing, the state of being oppressed, and the feeling of being heavily burdened, mentally or physically, by troubles, adverse conditions, and anxiety Political correctness Political correctness is a term which denotes language, ideas, policies, and behavior seen as seeking to minimize social and institutional offense in occupational, gender, racial, cultural, sexual orientation, disability, and age-related contexts. In current usage, the term is primarily pejorative, while the term politically incorrect has been · Prejudice A prejudice is a prejudgment: i.e. a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment made without recourse to reason; drawing typically instead upon received information or upon instinctual preference. The word prejudice is most commonly used to refer to a preconceived judgment toward a people or a person because of race, social class, gender, ethnicity, Stereotype A stereotype is a commonly held public belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. Generally speaking, · Tolerance In social, cultural and religious contexts, toleration and tolerance are terms used to describe attitudes which are "tolerant" of practices or group memberships that may be disapproved of by those in the majority. In practice, "tolerance" indicates support for practices that prohibit ethnic and religious discrimination

Discrimination portal Antiziganism is hostility, prejudice or racism directed at the Romani people, commonly called Gypsies. The Roma — who have often been stereotyped as thieves, tramps, con men and fortune tellers — have been subject to various forms of discrimination throughout history

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Violence Violence is the expression of physical or verbal force against self or other, compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt. Worldwide, violence is used as a tool of manipulation and also is an area of concern for law and culture which take attempts to suppress and stop it. The word violence covers a broad spectrum. It can vary from against lesbian, gay, bisexual Bisexuality is a sexual behavior or an orientation involving physical or romantic attraction to both males and females. It is one of the three main classifications of sexual orientation, along with a heterosexual and a homosexual orientation. Individuals who lack sexual attraction to either sex are known as asexual, transgender Transgender is the state of one's "gender identity" not matching one's "assigned sex" (identification by others as male, female or intersex based on physical/genetic sex). "Transgender" does not imply any specific form of sexual orientation; transgender people may identify as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual,, and queer Queer has traditionally meant odd or unusual, though modern use often pertains to LGBT people. Its usage is considered controversial and underwent substantial changes over the course of the 20th Century with some LGBT people re-claiming the term as a means of self-empowerment. The term is still considered by some to be offensive and derisive, and (LGBTQ LGBT is an initialism referring collectively to lesbian, gay, bisexual/pansexual, and transgender people. In use since the 1990s, the term “LGBT” is an adaptation of the initialism “LGB” which itself started replacing the phrase “gay community” which many within LGBT communities felt did not represent accurately all those to whom it) people are actions which may occur either at the hands of individuals or groups, or as part of governmental enforcement of laws targeting people who are perceived to violate heteronormative Heteronormativity is a term for a set of lifestyle norms that hold that people fall into distinct and complementary genders with natural roles in life. It also holds that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation, and states that sexual and marital relations are most (or only) fitting between a man and a woman. Consequently, a " rules and who contravene perceived protocols of gender A gender role is a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific gender. Proponents of gender role theory assert that observed gender differences in behavior and and sexual roles. People who are perceived to be LGBTQ may also be targeted.

A hate crime CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR is when individuals become victimized because of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexual orientation (Conklin,1992)(CSVR). Hate crimes against LGBTQ people often occur because the perpetrators are homophobic CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR. The attacks can also be blamed on society itself. A variety of religious groups as well as proponents of extremist political ideologies condemn homosexuality and relate it to being weak, ill, feminine, and morally wrong.^[1] Violence targeted at people because of their perceived sexuality can be psychological and physical including murder Murder, as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent , and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide (such as manslaughter). As the loss of a human being inflicts enormous grief upon the individuals close to the victim, as well as the fact that the. These actions may be caused by cultural, religious, or political mores Mores, in sociology, are any given society's particular norms, virtues or values. The word mores is a plurale tantum term borrowed from Latin, which has been used in the English language since the 1890s and biases.

Contents 1 An early example of persecution 2 State-sanctioned violence 2.1 Historic 2.2 Contemporary 3 Relationship between religious condemnation and violence 4 Criminal violence, legal and police responses 5 Violence and legal responses by country 5.1 Australia 5.2 Brazil 5.3 Canada 5.4 Croatia 5.5 France 5.6 Iraq 5.7 Ireland 5.8 Israel 5.9 Jamaica 5.10 New Zealand 5.11 Norway 5.12 Portugal 5.13 Serbia 5.14 Sierra Leone 5.15 South Africa 5.16 Spain 5.17 St. Maarten 5.18 UK: England and Wales 5.18.1 1950-1959 5.18.2 1989-1990: West London murders 5.18.3 1999: The Admiral Duncan pub bombing 5.18.4 2002: CPS 'zero tolerance' 5.18.5 2003: Criminal Justice Act 5.18.6 2006: first prosecution for homophobic murder 5.18.7 2007: Metropolitan Police review 5.18.8 2000-2009: Recent cases 5.18.9 2009: Prosecution for verbal violence 5.19 UK: Scotland 5.20 USA 5.20.1 Legal responses to homophobic and transphobic hate crime 5.20.2 1970-1979 5.20.3 1980-1989 5.20.4 1990-1999 5.20.5 2000-2009 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

An early example of persecution

An early example of persecution was in the year 342 when the Christian emperors Constantius Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II was a Roman Emperor (337-361) of the Constantinian dynasty and Constans Flavius Julius Constans was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 until his death. Constans was the third and youngest son of Constantine the Great and Fausta, Constantine's second wife declared same-sex marriage to be illegal.^[2] In the year 390, the Christian emperors Valentinian II Flavius Valentinianus Iunior , known usually by his anglicised name, Valentinian II, was a Roman Emperor from 375 to 392, Theodosius I Flavius Theodosius , also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great (Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ and Θεοδόσιος ο Μέγας), was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Reuniting the eastern and western portions of the empire, Theodosius was the last emperor of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. After his death, the two parts split and Arcadius Flavius Arcadius was Roman Emperor in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire from 395 until his death declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be publicly burned alive.^[3] The Christian emperor Justinian I Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ; AD 483 – 13 or 14 November 565, known in English as Justinian I or Justinian the Great, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the greatness of the classical Roman Empire (527-565) made homosexuals a scapegoat for problems such as "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences." ^[4]

State-sanctioned violence

Historic

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender related laws vary greatly by country or territory—everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex sexual activity or identity The knight von Hohenberg and his squire, being burned at the stake for sodomy, Zurich 1482 (Zurich Central Library)

The first recorded Abrahamic The Abrahamic religions are historically the world's three primary monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which share a common origin and values. The origins of Abrahamic religion are found in Judaism, which began in the first and second millennium BCE in ancient Israel and Judah during which time the Hebrew Bible was composed laws against sexual intercourse between men are dated to circa 550 BC, during the Babylonian captivity Although the term Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile, typically refers to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587 BC, in fact the exile started with the first deportation in 597 BC. The captivity and subsequent return to Israel and rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple are of the Jewish people; they are recorded in Leviticus, and they prescribe the death penalty. Similar laws are found across Indo-European cultures in Lex Scantinia in Ancient Rome and nith in protohistoric Germanic culture, or the Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BCE^[5].

After Constantine established Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire, male homosexual activity became repressed, specifically for the passive role, often sanctioned with mutilation or death and social ostracism.^[3] Laws and codes prohibiting homosexual practice were in force in Europe from the fourth century ^[3] to the twentieth centuries, and Muslim countries have had similar laws from the beginnings of Islam in the seventh century up to and including the present day. Among the states that have historically punished homosexuality with death are:

• Abbasid Baghdad under the Caliph Al-Hadi (785-786)
• The City of Florence during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance;
  • Illustrative victims: Giovanni di Giovanni (1350–1365?), Florentine boy, castrated and "burned between the thighs with a red-hot iron" by court order;
• The Swiss canton of Zürich in the Renaissance
  • Illustrative victims: Knight von Hohenberg (d. 1482), Swiss knight, burned at the stake together with his lover, his young squire;
• The kingdom of France during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
  • Illustrative victims: Jacques Chausson (1618–1661), French writer, burned alive for attempting to seduce the son of a nobleman;
• England from 1533 until 1861 (see Buggery Act 1533);
• Nazi Germany (see History of homosexual people in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust);

Contemporary

As of October 2007^[update], consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex were punishable by death in seven countries:^[6]

• Iran^[7] Since 1979, the government has executed more than 4,000 people charged with homosexual acts.^[8]
• Mauritania
• Nigeria
• Saudi Arabia: although the maximum punishment for homosexuality is execution, the government tends to use other punishments (fines, prison sentence, and whipping), unless it feels that homosexuals have challenged state authority by engaging in LGBT social movements.^[9]
• Sudan
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen

Afghanistan, where such acts remain punishable with fines and a prison sentence, dropped the death penalty after the fall of the Taliban in 2001, who had mandated it from 1996.

International human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime.^[10][11] Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.^[12][13][14]

See also: Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni

Relationship between religious condemnation and violence

Several media articles discuss the role religion plays, or has played, in fostering cultures that give rise to homophobic violence.^{[15][16][17][18][19][20]} Many religious leaders have denounced violence against homosexuals even though they affirm homosexuality is a sin^[21], while others have dismissed homosexual condemnation of any kind - feeling that the basis for such is based on exaggeration and misinterpretation of the Bible.^[22] A number of Rastafarian reggae artists have been investigated by police for promoting anti LGBT violence in their lyrics^[23].

Criminal violence, legal and police responses

Otherwise law-abiding citizens have at times been prepared to break the law, either out of prejudice or in order to repress people they perceive as having LGBT identities or engaging in LGBT activity. In many parts of the world, including much of the EU and United States, acts of violence are legally classified as hate crimes, which entails a harsher sentence if convicted. In some countries this form of legislation extends to verbal abuse as well as physical violence. Sometimes, people have been the target of anti-LGBT violence because they were perceived to be LGBT, whether they were or not.

Violent hate crimes against LGBT people are notable because they tend to be especially brutal, "an intense rage is present in nearly all homicide cases involving gay male victims". It is rare for a victim to just be shot, he is more likelely to be stabbed multiple times, mutilated, and strangled. "They frequently involved torture, cutting, mutilation... showing the absolute intent to rub out the human being because of his (sexual) preference".^[24]

Acts of violence considered to have been inspired by hatred of LGBT people, legislative changes, police and judicial responses, by country.

Violence and legal responses by country

Australia

• On December 3, 2007, Craig Gee was attacked by four men whilst holding his boyfriend's hand walking down Crown Street in Surry Hills, Sydney, Australia. Part of his skull was reduced to powder and his leg was broken during the attack.^[25] This incident prompted a vigil against the rising level of homophobia in the city and alleged apathy from police,^[26], and despite the attack, Gee and his boyfriend joined the Chief of Parade Margaret Cho to lead the 2008 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade.^[27]

Brazil

• In September 2007, Osvan Inacio dos Santos, 19, was attacked and murdered in a street near a bar where he had just won the local "Miss Gay" competition in the town of Batingas in northeast Brazil. dos Santos' naked body was found on Sunday morning and forensic examination found his skull had been fractured and indicated sexual assault.^[28]
• In February 2008, Brazilian gay rights activist Alexandre Peixe dos Santos was attacked and beaten at the Sao Paulo's Gay Pride Association offices in Brazil. Activists estimate that more than 2,680 gay people were murdered in Brazil between 1980 and 2006.^[29]

Canada

• On November 17, 2001, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Aaron Webster, a gay man, was beaten to death with baseball bats and pool cues in a part of Stanley Park known for cruising. Ryan Cran, along with two unidentified youths, was convicted of manslaughter in Webster's death. Cran was paroled in February 2009 after serving four years of a six-year sentence.^[30]
• September 27, 2008 - 27-year-old Jordan Smith of White Rock, British Columbia, was brutally assaulted by 20-year-old Michael Kandola of Vancouver. Smith was holding hands with an other male while walking in Vancouver's Davie Village, an area frequented by GLBTQ individuals, when Kandola started following the pair with four to five of his friends, and began shouting anti-gay obscenities towards the gay pair. Kandola confronted the two and punched Smith on the side of his head, knocking him unconscious. Smith required surgery for his injuries. Kandola was charged with assault causing bodily harm, and police are seeking to invoke Canadian hate-crime legislation against Kandola. A Facebook group with over 4000 members has been established petitioning for a minimum life imprisonment sentence for Kandola.^[31]
• November 3, 2008 - Anji Dimitriou and Jane Currie were physically assaulted at an Oshawa, Ontario public school, while waiting to pick up their children. Mark Scott, the attacker, punched both women in the face, referring to them as "men," "fucking dyke bitches" and spitting in Dimitriou's face. He is in court in Jan. 2009, for two counts of assault causing bodily harm.^[32][33]

Croatia

• On July 7, 2007, 30 participants at a gay pride event in Croatia were attacked by multiple assailants. The attackers had also prepared Molotov cocktails but were stopped by the police before using them. Many people taking part in Gay Pride marches in Eastern Europe (e.g.: Romania, Russia, Serbia) have been beaten after leaving the marches.^[34][35]

France

• The non-fatal stabbing of Bertrand Delanoë, the openly gay mayor of Paris, in October 2002.

Iraq

In January 2007, a United Nations report described the increased persecution, torture and extrajudicial killing of Iraqi lesbians and gay men by the Shia death squads of the Badr and Sadr militias (the armed wings of the two main Shia parties that control the government of Iraq). In 2005, the Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani issued a fatwa on his website calling for the execution of gays in the "worst, most severe way". Following protests from UK based Iraqi gay rights group, Sistani agreed to remove the fatwa from his website except for the section calling for the punishment of lesbianism.^[36][37][38]

Ireland

• The beating to death of Declan Flynn in Fairview Park, Dublin, in 1983. The murder and subsequent suspended sentences of the perpetrators who pleaded guilty to murder saw the emergence of a more vocal gay community in the aftermath.^[39]

Israel

• On June 30, 2005, Yishai Shlisel, a Haredi Jew, was charged with attempted murder after allegedly stabbing three marchers in a gay pride parade in Jerusalem, Israel, claiming he acted "in the name of God".^[40]

• On August 1, 2009, a gunman entered a gay youth club in Tel Aviv and shot at patrons with automatic rifle fire, killing 24-year-old Nir Katz and 16-year-old Liz Tarbushi, and injuring fifteen others.^[41] Tarbushi was not gay, but was present at the youth club to be with friends.^[42][43]

Jamaica

• On June 5, 2004, Jamaican gay rights activist Brian Williamson was murdered in Kingston. His killer, Dwight Hayden, who used a machete to stab and chop him some 70 times, pleaded guilty^[44] and received a life sentence.^[45]
• In December 2005, a Jamaican mob chased an alleged gay man who, fearful of the crowd, jumped into the water and drowned.^[46]
• In April 2006, students rioted at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica and attacked an alleged gay student.^[46]
• On February 14, 2007, a group of gay men, including gay-rights activist Gareth Williams, were stoned by a mob in Mandeville, Jamaica. Their attackers reportedly had earlier demanded that the men leave the community.^[47][48]
• On April 8, 2007, approximately 100 men gathered outside a church where 150 people were attending the funeral of a gay man in Mandeville, Jamaica. According to mourners, the crowd broke the windows with bottles and shouted, "We want no battyman [gay] funeral here. Leave or else we’re going to kill you. We don’t want no battyman buried here in Mandeville." ^[46]
• In January, 2008, three gay men were attacked in the privacy of their dwelling by an angry mob who had days before threatened them if they did not leave the community in Mandeville, Jamaica. According to reports, two men were hospitalised, one with serious injuries, while another man is still missing and feared dead.^[46][48]

New Zealand

• The murder in Wellington, New Zealand, on May 8, 1999, of supposedly gay teenager Jeff Whittington, who was beaten, kicked, and stomped to death by two men who reportedly later boasted of beating up a "faggot." Whittington's attackers, Jason Morris Meads and Stephen James Smith, were sentenced to life in prison.^[49]

Norway

• The killing of Magne Andreassen in Lillehammer, on August 21, 1992. The police investigation took about a year before Bård Faust, the drummer of the band Emperor, was tried and convicted of the killing. He was released from prison in 2002.^[50][51]

Portugal

• In February 2006, Gisberta Salce Júnior, a Brazilian transsexual living in Oporto, Portugal, was tortured and raped with sticks over a period of three days, then tossed into a water-filled pit and left to die. A group of adolescent boys admitted to the attack^[52] and received suspended sentences.

Serbia

• On June 30, 2001, hundreds of Serbian nationalists, skinheads, and soccer hooligans attacked participants of the first Serbian Pride Parade in Belgrade.^[53]

Sierra Leone

• FannyAnn Eddy was the most prominent Sierra Leonean gay and lesbian rights activist, working for Sierra Leone Lesbian and Gay Association (SLLGA), and had addressed the United Nations on lesbian and gay issues in her country during the discussion on the Brazilian Resolution. Eddy founded SLLAGA in 2002. On September 28, 2004 Eddy was murdered while working alone in the Freetown SLLGA office, it is believed up to three men took part in the attack.^[54][55] Sierra Leone Police Force said that the murder could not be blamed on homophobia, and dismissed the claim that she had been raped, or that there was more than one attacker; Outrage expressed caution in accepting this statement by the police. The one suspect escaped from police custody before his trial and has not been recaptured or prosecuted. Human rights activists are unclear whether this was a hate crime or not, but regard her attack by one or more men in the offices of SLLGA as significant. They have asked why only one suspected attacker was captured, expressed concern over repeated delays in prosecution, and how he was able to escape custody.^[56][57][58] In 2007 the Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation for the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people was established in Berlin; the name is a combination of Eddy and Magnus Hirschfeld's names.

South Africa

See also: Corrective rape

• In November 1999, Blah Bar, a gay bar in Cape Town, South Africa, was bombed, injuring two people.^[59]

Spain

• On January 13, 2006, Julio Anderson Luciano and his fiancé, Isaac Ali Dani Peréz Triviño, were killed in the home they shared with Peréz Triviño's mother in the Spanish city of Vigo. Jacobo Piñeiro Rial, who stabbed them 22 and 35 times, respectively, then set fire to the home, was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment for arson after being acquitted by a jury of murder charges on a "gay panic" defence.^[60]

St. Maarten

• On April 6, 2006, two American television producers, CBS Evening News senior producer Richard Jefferson and 48 Hours producer-researcher Ryan Smith, were severely beaten with a tire iron outside the Sunset Beach Bar on the Caribbean island of St. Maarten.^[61] Three men and one woman were convicted and sentenced to prison for the attack, which was ruled a hate crime.^[62]

UK: England and Wales

1950-1959

• On July 31, 1950, in Rotherham, an English schoolteacher, Kenneth Crowe, aged 37, was found dead wearing his wife's clothes and a wig. He had approached a miner on his way home from the pub, who upon discovering Crowe was male, beat and strangled him.^[63] John Cooney was found not guilty of murder and sentenced to five years for manslaughter.^[64]

1989-1990: West London murders

London gay pub bombing in 1999 killed three and injured 70

Towards the end of 1989 and the start of 1990, there were a series of unsolved murders in west London over a period of six months.

• In September 1989, Christopher Schliach, a barrister who was gay, was murdered in his home; he was stabbed more than 40 times.^[65]
• Three months later, Henry Bright, a hotelier who was gay, was also stabbed to death at his home.^[65].
• A month later, William Dalziel, a hotel porter who was gay, was found unconscious on a roadside in Acton, west London. He died from severe head injuries.^[65]
• Three months after this, actor Michael Boothe was murdered in west London (see below 2007 Met review)

In July 1990, following these murders, hundreds of lesbians and gay men marched from the park where Boothe had been killed to Ealing town hall and held a candlelit vigil.^[65] The demonstration led to the formation of OutRage, who called for the police to start protecting gay men instead of arresting them.^[65] In September 1990, lesbian and gay police officers established the Lesbian and Gay Police Association (Lagpa/GPA).^[65]

1999: The Admiral Duncan pub bombing

• In May 1999, the Admiral Duncan, a gay pub in Soho was bombed by former British National Party member David Copeland, killing three people and wounding at least 70.^[66][67]

2002: CPS 'zero tolerance'

On the 27 Nov. 2002, the Crown Prosecution Service announced a 'zero tolerance' approach towards perpetrators of anti-gay offenses; this also covers transsexuals. Crimes considered 'homophobic' or 'transphobic' are to be assessed in a similar way to those considered racist (e.g. the victim regarding them as such).^[68]"There is no statutory definition of a homophobic or transphobic incident. However, when prosecuting such cases, and to help us to apply our policy on dealing with cases with a homophobic or transphobic element, we adopt the following definition: 'Any incident which is perceived to be homophobic or transphobic by the victim or by any other person.'”^[69]

2003: Criminal Justice Act

The Criminal Justice Act 2003 is passed, in which section 146 empowers courts in England and Wales to impose tougher sentences for offenses motivated or aggravated by the victim's sexual orientation.^[70]

2006: first prosecution for homophobic murder

• On the 14th October 2005, London, Jody Dobrowski was beaten to death on Clapham Common by two men who perceived him as being gay; Dobrowski was beaten so badly he had to be identified by his fingerprints. Thomas Pickford and Scott Walker were given life sentences in what was described as a 'homophobic murder' in June 2006.^[71] This was the first prosecution in England and Wales where Section 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 was used in sentencing the killers; this enabled the courts to impose a tougher sentence for offenses motivated or aggravated by the victim's sexual orientation, in this case a minimum of 30 years in prison.^[72]

2007: Metropolitan Police review

John Atherton, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, was hanged for sodomy under a law that he had helped to institute. His lover was John Childe, his steward and tithe proctor, also hanged. Anonymous pamphlet, 1641.

In July 2004 an independent inquiry into police procedures carried out by the independent Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Advisory Group for the Metropolitan Police was announced.^[73] In May 2007 the report for the independent review was released; it had examined how detectives had handled 10 murders of gay men or transsexuals. The report found that some police inquiries were hampered by lack of knowledge, reliance on unfounded stereotypes and personal prejudices; these problems were mirrored and exacerbated by media coverage. The review recognised that Scotland Yard's work with the gay, lesbian and transsexual communities and its investigative processes had improved significantly since the 1990s, but warned that more radical steps were needed. The cases reviewed, and the findings, included:

• Actor Michael Boothe, in west London died in April 1990, beaten to death by a gang of up to six men close to a public lavatory.^[73] the police said he had been the victim of "an extraordinarily severe beating, of a merciless and savage nature". He managed to give a description of his attackers before he died, and a reward of £15,000 was offered, but nobody was caught,^[65] and the crime was not solved. The police review identified institutional homophobia within the Metropolitan Police as a factor.^[74]
• Colin Ireland, age 43, who in 1993 was jailed for life for murdering five gay men. Ireland picked up the men at pubs in London, and then killed them in their own homes.^[73] A Scotland Yard review showed that Ireland's capture was hampered by institutional homophobia within the Metropolitan Police.^[74]
• Andrew Collier, a housing warden, aged 33, was one of Ireland's victims; the murder was classified as homophobic and linked with the death of Peter Walker, Ireland's first victim. The report said the police could have done more to warn the community of the links between the murders.^[74]
• Emanuel Spiteri, age 41, who was strangled to death in his flat in Catford by Ireland, after meeting in a pub in Earls Court, west London.^[74]
• Robyn Brown, a 23-year-old transsexual prostitute, was found stabbed to death in her flat in London on February 28, 1997. The original report described her as being 23-year-old Gemma Browne, formerly James Darwin Browne.^[75] The case went cold for over ten years, but her killer, James Hopkins, was eventually caught; in January 2009 he was jailed for life.^[76][77] The report found that identifying her to the public using different names may have hampered attempts to connect with relevant communities.^[74]
• June 2000, south-east London, UK. Jaap Bornkamp, a 52 year old florist, was knifed in a homophobic attack; the murder remains unsolved despite the police displaying 20 ft by 10 ft images of CCTV footage taken near the murder scene. He was attacked after leaving a night club, and the police are reported as saying there was no confrontation or argument, but that the attack was homophobic and unprovoked.^[73] The report found this case to have been a model of police good practice.^[74]
• Geoffrey Windsor, 57, in south London died in June 2002 from head injuries in a park after he was beaten and robbed. The police said the murder was motivated by homophobia.^[73] A review of this and similar cases in the area highlighted poor policing due to institutional homophobia within the police, particularly in not taking previous attacks in the area more seriously.^[74]

2000-2009: Recent cases

• The name of Damilola Taylor is well known in the UK since his death on 27 November 2000 in Peckham, south London; he bled to death after being stabbed with a broken bottle in the thigh, which severed the femoral artery; he was attacked by a local gang of youths. The BBC, Telegraph, Guardian and Independent newspapers reported at the time that during the weeks between arriving in the UK from Nigeria and the attack he had been subjected to bullying and beating, which included homophobic remarks, by a group of boys at his school, "The bullies told him that he was gay."^[78] He "may not have understood why he was being bullied at school, or why some other children taunted him about being 'gay' - the word meant nothing to him."^[79] He had to ask his mother what 'gay' meant, she said "Boys were swearing at him, saying lots of horrible words. They were calling him names."^[79] His mother had spoken about this bullying, but the teachers failed to take it seriously "She said pupils had accused her son of being gay and had beaten him last Friday."^[80] Six months after the murder, his father said, "I spoke to him and he was crying that he was being bullied and being called names. He was being called 'gay'."^[81] In the New Statesman two years later, when there had still been no convictions for the crime, Peter Tatchell, gay human rights campaigner, said, "In the days leading up to his murder in south London in November 2000, he was subjected to vicious homophobic abuse and assaults,"^[82] and asked why the authorities had ignored this before and after his death.
• In July 2005, Lauren Harries, a transwoman, was attacked along with her father and brother in their home in Cardiff by eight youths who shouted the word "tranny" (transphobic abuse) while beating their victims. One youth pleaded guilty to inflicting grievous bodily harm and was sentenced to two years probation; his accomplices were not formally identified or charged.^[83][84]
• In April 2006 a man was jailed for a homophobic attack on an openly gay Anglican priest. Rev Dr Barry Rathbone was sitting in a park in Bournemouth, Dorset when Martin Powell and his girlfriend approached and spoke to him. Rathbone informed them that it was a cruising area, then Powell produced a three-foot long metal baseball bat, called him a 'queer', and started to hit him.^[85]
• 25 July 2008, 18 year old Michael Causer was attacked by a group of men at a party in Liverpool, and died from his injuries. It is alleged that he was killed because he was gay.^[86]
• October 23, 2008 - 23 year-old gay hairdresser, Daniel Jenkinson, was the victim of a homophobic attack in a Preston club. His attacker, Neil Bibby, 22, also from Preston, was sentenced to 200 hours' unpaid work, a three-month weekend curfew, and ordered to pay £2,000 compensation after he pleaded guilty to assault. Daniel needed facial reconstruction surgery after the attack, and says he is too scared to go out in the city.^[87]
• On March 3, 2009 in Bromley, south London, UK. 59 year old Gerry Edwards was stabbed to death by an assailant shouting homophobic abuse. His partner of over twenty years, 56 year old Chris Bevan, was also stabbed and admitted to hospital in a critical condition.^[88][89] The police dealing with the case said they had an open mind, but were treating it as a homophobic murder; two men were subsequently arrested.^[90]

2009: Prosecution for verbal violence

• On the 15 May 2009, An English court found two football fans guilty of shouting homophobic chants at footballer Sol Campbell during a match.^[91] This was the first prosecution for indecent chanting in the UK.^[92] The police reported that up to 2,500 fans shouted chants at the match that included "Sol, Sol, wherever you may be, Not long now until lunacy, We won't give a fuck if you are hanging from a tree," the footballer commented "I felt totally victimised and helpless by the abuse I received on this day. It has had an effect on me personally".^[92] Three men and two boys were given cautions after the match.^[92]

UK: Scotland

In 2009, the Scottish parliament unanimously passed legislation that means that crimes motivated by hatred of gay or disabled people will now be considered as 'aggravated offences'.^[93]

USA

In the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were founded on perceived sexual orientation. Sixty-one percent of those attacks were against gay men, 14% against lesbians, 2% against heterosexuals and 1% against bisexuals, while attacks against LGBT people at large made up 20%.^[94] Violence based on perceived gender identity was not recorded in the report.

The FBI reported that for 2006, hate crimes against gays increased to 16%, from 14% in 2005, as percentage of total documented hate crimes across the U.S.^[95] The 2006 annual report, released on November 19, 2007, also said that hate crimes based on sexual orientation are the third most common type, behind race and religion.^[95]

Santa Clara County Deputy District Attorney (DDA) Jay Boyarsky attributed a surge in anti-gay hate crimes, from 3 in 2007 to 14 in 2008, to controversy over Proposition 8. However, the DDA cautioned against reading too much from small statistical samples, pointing out that the vast majority of hate incidents don't get referred to the DA's office.^[96]

Legal responses to homophobic and transphobic hate crime

In 1988 a Florida judge, trying a case concerning the beating to death of a gay man asked the prosecutor, "That's a crime now, to beat up a homosexual?" The prosecutor responded, "Yes, sir. And it's also a crime to kill them." "Times have really changed," the judge replied.^[24]

On the 29 April 2009, The U.S. House of Representatives voted to extend federal laws to classify as "hate crimes" attacks based on a victim's sexual orientation or gender identity (as well as mental or physical disability).^[97]

1970-1979

• The beating death of gay man Howard Efland, who had checked into the Dover Hotel under the pseudonym of J. McCann, by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department in March 1970.^[98]
• The arson of the The Upstairs Lounge in New Orleans on June 24, 1973, killing 32 people.^[99]
• The stabbing death of Robert Hillsborough in San Francisco on June 21, 1977 by a man shouting "faggot".^[100]
• On July 5, 1978, a gang of youths armed with baseball bats and tree branches assaulted several men in an area of Central Park in New York City known to be frequented by homosexuals. The victims were assaulted at random, but the assailants later confessed that they had deliberately set out to the park to attack homosexuals. One of those injured was former figure skater Dick Button, who was assaulted while watching a fireworks display in the park.^[101][102]
• On November 27, 1978, openly gay San Francisco city supervisor Harvey Milk, along with Mayor George Moscone, was assassinated by political rival Dan White at San Francisco City Hall. Outrage over the assassinations and the short sentence given to White (seven years) prompted the White Night Riots.^[103]
• Tennessee Williams was the victim of an assault in January 1979 in Key West, being beaten by five teenage boys. He escaped serious injury. The episode was part of a spate of anti-gay violence inspired by an anti-gay newspaper ad run by a local Baptist minister.^[104]
• The beating death of Terry Knudsen by three men in Loring Park in Minneapolis on June 5, 1979^[105].
• The stabbing death of Robert Allen Taylor on September 7, 1979, near Loring Park in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A local reporter interviewed the murderer from jail and was told, "I don't like gays. Okay?"^[105]
• The beating death in New York City on October 7, 1979, of 17 year old Steven Charles of Newark by Costabile "Gus" Farace, Robert DeLicio, David Spoto and Farace's cousin Mark Granato. They also beat Charles' friend, 16 year old Thomas Moore of Brooklyn. Moore was critically injured but managed to get help at a nearby residence. It was Moore that identified the four men via a lineup four days after the incident. Farace, the leader of the attack, plead guilty to first-degree manslaughter. He was paroled after 8 years, in 1988. He himself was murdered on November 17, 1989.^[106]

1980-1989

• The drowning death of Charlie Howard in Bangor, Maine, in 1984.^[107]
• On May 13, 1988, Rebecca Wight was killed when she and her partner, Claudia Brenner, were shot by Stephen Roy Carr while hiking and camping along the Appalachian Trail. Carr later claimed that he became enraged by the couple's lesbianism when he saw them having sex ^[108]

1990-1999

Matthew Shepard

• The fatal stabbing of James Zappalorti (1945–1990), a gay Vietnam veteran.^[109]
• The murder of Julio Rivera in New York City on July 2, 1990, by two men who beat him with a hammer and stabbed him with a knife because he was gay.^[110]
• The killing of Paul Broussard (1968–1991), a Houston-area banker.^[111]
• The murder of U.S. Navy Petty Officer Allen Schindler by a shipmate who stomped him to death in a public restroom in Japan on October 27, 1992.^[112] Schindler had complained repeatedly about anti-gay harassment aboard ship.^[112] The case became synonymous with the gays in the military debate that had been brewing in the United States culminating in the "Don't ask, don't tell" bill.^[113]
• The 1993 rape and later murder of Brandon Teena, a transman who was killed when his birth gender was revealed by police to male friends of his.^[114] The events leading to Teena's death were depicted in the movie Boys Don't Cry.^[115]
• On March 9, 1995, Scott Amedure was murdered after revealing his attraction to his friend Jonathan Schmitz on a The Jenny Jones Show episode about secret crushes. Schmidtz purchased a shotgun to kill Amedure and did so after Amedure implied he still was attracted to him; Schmitz then turned himself in to police.^[116][117]
• The murders of Roxanne Ellis and Michelle Abdill, a lesbian couple in Medford, Oregon, on December 4, 1995, by a man who said he had "no compassion" for bisexual or homosexual people.^[118] Robert Acremant was convicted and sentenced to death by lethal injection.^[119]
• The bombing of the Otherside Lounge, a lesbian nightclub in Atlanta, by Eric Robert Rudolph, the "Olympic Park Bomber," on February 21, 1997; five bar patrons were injured. In a statement released after he was sentenced to five consecutive life terms for his several bombings, Rudolph called homosexuality an "aberrant lifestyle".^[120]
• The October 7, 1998, fatal attack on Matthew Shepard (1976–1998), a gay student, in Laramie, Wyoming. Shepard was tortured, beaten severely, tied to a fence, and abandoned; he was found 18 hours after the attack and succumbed to his injuries less than a week later, on October 12. His attackers, Russell Arthur Henderson and Aaron James McKinney, are both serving two consecutive life sentences in prison.^[121]
• The July 1, 1999, murders of gay couple Gary Matson and Winfield Mowder by white supremacist brothers Matthew and Tyler Williams in Redding, California. Tyler Williams was sentenced to a minimum of 33 years in prison, to be served after his completion of a 21-year sentence for firebombing synagogues and an abortion clinic.^[122] Benjamin Williams claimed that by killing the couple he was "obeying the laws of the Creator".^[123] He committed suicide in 2003 while awaiting trial. Their former pastor described the brothers as "zealous in their faith" but "far from kooks".^[124]
• The murder of U.S. Army Pfc. Barry Winchell on July 6, 1999, in Fort Campbell, Kentucky by fellow soldier Calvin Glover. Winchell was beaten to death with a baseball bat after rumors spread on base of his relationship with transgendered author Calpernia Addams. Glover was sentenced to life in prison.^[125]
• The September 1999 murder of Steen Fenrich, apparently by his stepfather, John D. Fenrich, in Queens, New York. His dismembered remains were found in March 2001, with the phrase "gay nigger number one" scrawled on his skull along with his social security number. His stepfather fled from police while being interviewed, then committed suicide.^[126]
• Oct 15th, 1999: Sissy "Charles" Bolden, Savannah, Georgia. Found shot to death. Police arrested Charles E. Wilkins, Jr., in July 2003; he admitted the killing, and was charged in two other homicides, according to the Savannah Police Department.^[127]

2000-2009

• On July 3, 2000, in Grant Town, West Virginia, Arthur "J.R." Warren was punched and kicked to death by two teenage boys who reportedly believed Warren had spread a rumor that he and one of the boys, David Allen Parker, had a sexual relationship. Warren's killers ran over his body to disguise the murder as a hit-and-run. Parker pleaded guilty and was sentenced to "life in prison with mercy", making him eligible for parole after 15 years.^[128] His accomplice, Jared Wilson, was sentenced to 20 years.^[129]
• On September 22, 2000, Ronald Gay entered a gay bar in Roanoke, Virginia and opened fire on the patrons, killing Danny Overstreet, 43 years old, and severely injuring six others. Ronald said he was angry over what his name now meant, and deeply upset that three of his sons had changed their surname. He claimed that he had been told by God to find and kill lesbians and gay men, describing himself as a "Christian Soldier working for my Lord;" Gay testified in court that "he wished he could have killed more fags," before several of the shooting victims as well as Danny Overstreet's family and friends.^[130]
• On June 16, 2001, Fred Martinez, a transgender and two-spirit student was bludgeoned to death near Cortez, Colorado by 18-year-old Shaun Murphy, who reportedly bragged about attacking a "fag".^[131][132]
• On June 12, 2002, Philip Walsted, a gay man, was fatally beaten with a baseball bat. According to prosecutors, the neo-Nazi views of Walsted's assailant's, David Higdon, led to what was originally a robbery escalating to murder. Higdon was sentenced to life in prison, plus an additional sentence for robbery.^[133]
• The December 2002 homicide of Nizah Morris, a trans woman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• The killing of Gwen Araujo(1985–2002), a trans woman, by at least three men who were charged with committing a hate crime. Two were convicted of murder, the third manslaughter; however, the jury rejected the hate crime enhancement.
• On May 11, 2003, Sakia Gunn, a 15-year-old lesbian, was murdered in a hate crime in Newark, New Jersey. While waiting for a bus, Gunn and her friends were propositioned by two men. When the girls rejected their advances, declaring themselves to be lesbians, the men attacked them. One of the men, Richard McCullough, fatally stabbed Gunn. In exchange for his pleading guilty to several lesser crimes including aggravated manslaughter, prosecutors dropped murder charges against McCullough, who was sentenced to 20 years.^[134][135]
• On June 17, 2003, Richie Phillips of Elizabethtown, Kentucky was killed by Joseph Cottrell. His body was later found in a suitcase in Rough River Lake. During his trial, two of Cottrell's relatives testified that he lured Phillips to his death, and killed him because he was gay.^[136] Cottrell was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 20 years in prison.^[137]
• On July 23, 2003, Nireah Johnson and Brandie Coleman were shot to death by Paul Moore, when Moore learned after a sexual encounter that Johnson was transgender.^[138] Moore then burned his victims' bodies. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to 120 years in prison.^[139]
• On July 31, 2003, 37-year-old Glenn Kopitske was shot and stabbed in the back by 17-year-old Gary Hirte, a straight-A student, star athlete^[140] and Eagle Scout,^[141] in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Prosecutors contended that Hirte murdered Kopitske to see if he could get away with it.^[142] Hirte pleaded insanity, claiming he killed Kopitske in a murderous rage after a consensual sexual encounter with the victim, because he felt a homosexual act was "worse than murder". The 'temporary insanity' mitigation plea was not upheld, he was found guilty, and received a life sentence.
• On October 2, 2004, multiple assailants in Waverly, Ohio, attacked Daniel Fetty, a gay man who was hearing-impaired and homeless. Fetty was beaten, stomped, shoved nude into a garbage bin, impaled with a stick, and left for dead; he succumbed to his injuries the next day. Prosecuters alleged a hate crime. Three men received sentences ranging from seven years to life.
• On January 28, 2005, Ronnie Antonio Paris, a three-year-old boy living in Tampa, Florida, died due to brain injuries inflicted by his father, Ronnie Paris, Jr. According to his mother and other relatives, Ronnie Paris, Jr., repeatedly slammed his son into walls, slapped the child's head, and "boxed" him because he was concerned the child was gay and feared his son would grow up a sissy. Paris, Jr., was sentenced to thirty years in prison.^[143][144]
• On February 27, 2005, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 21-year-old James Maestas was assaulted outside a restaurant, then followed to a hotel and beaten unconscious by men who called him "faggot" during the attack. Although all of his attackers were charged with committing a hate crime, none was sentenced to prison.
• On March 11, 2005, Jason Gage, an openly gay man, was murdered in his Waterloo, Iowa, apartment by an assailant, Joseph Lawrence, who claimed Gage had made sexual advance to him. Gage was bludgeoned to death with a bottle, and stabbed in the neck, probably post-mortem, with a shard of glass.^[145] Lawrence was sentenced to fifty years in prison.
• On February 2, 2006, 18-year-old Jacob D. Robida entered a bar in New Bedford, Massachusetts, confirmed that it was a gay bar, and then attacked patrons with a hatchet and a handgun, wounding three.^[146] He fatally shot himself three days later.^[147]
• On June 10, 2006, Kevin Aviance, a female impressionist, musician, and fashion designer, was robbed and beaten in Manhattan by a group of men who yelled anti-gay slurs at him. Four assailants pleaded guilty and received prison sentences.^[148]
• On July 30, 2006, six men were attacked with baseball bats and knives after leaving the San Diego, California Gay Pride festival. One victim was injured so severely that he had to undergo extensive facial reconstructive surgery. Three men pleaded guilty in connection with the attacks and received prison sentences. A 15-year-old juvenile also pleaded guilty.^[149][150]
• On August 18, 2006, an altercation occurred in Manhattan between a man and seven black lesbians from Newark, New Jersey. During the altercation, the man was stabbed. The women claim that they acted in self-defense after he screamed homophobic epithets, spit on them, and pulled one of their weaves off,^[151] while he has described the attack as "a hate crime against a straight man."^[152]
• On October 8, 2006, Michael Sandy was attacked by four young heterosexual men who lured him into meeting after chatting online, while they were looking for gay men to rob. He was struck by a car while trying to escape his attackers, and died five days later without regaining consciousness.^[153][154]
• On February 27, 2007 in Detroit, Michigan Andrew Anthos, a 72-year-old disabled gay man was beaten with a lead pipe by a man who was shouting anti-gay names at him. Anthos died 10 days later in the hospital.^[155]
• On March 15, 2007 in Wahneta, Florida, Ryan Keith Skipper, a 25 year old gay man was stabbed to death. Four suspects were arrested for the crime. The Sheriff is calling it a hate crime.^[156]
• On May 12, 2007, Roberto Duncanson was murdered in Brooklyn, New York. He was stabbed to death by Omar Willock, who claimed Duncanson had flirted with him.^[157]
• May 16, 2007, Sean William Kennedy, 20, was walking to his car from Brew's Bar in Greenville, SC when Stephen Andrew Moller, 18, got out of another car and approached Kennedy. Investigators said that Moller made a comment about Kennedy's sexual orientation, and threw a fatal punch because he didn't like the other man's sexual preference.^[158]
• On December 8, 2007 25 year old gay man Nathaniel Salerno was attacked by four men on a Metro train in Washington, DC. The men called him faggot while they beat him.^[159]
• In February 2008, Duanna Johnson, a transsexual woman, was beaten by a police officer while she was held in the Shelby County Criminal Justice Center in Tennessee. Johnson said the officers reportedly called her a “faggot” and “he-she,” before and during the incident.^[160][161] In November 2008, she was found dead in the street, reportedly gunned down by three unknown individuals.^[162]
• On February 12, 2008, Lawrence "Larry" King, a 15 year old junior highschool student was shot twice by a classmate at E.O. Green School in Oxnard, California. He was taken off life support after doctors declared him brain dead on February 15.^[163] According to Associated Press reports, "prosecutors have charged a 14-year-old classmate with premeditated murder with hate-crime and firearm-use enhancements".^{[164][165][166]}
• In Rochester, New York on March 16, 2008 police say Lance Neve was beaten unconscious because Neve was gay. A man attacked Neve at a bar leaving him with a fractured skull, and a broken nose.^[167] Jesse Parsons was sentenced to more than five years in prison for the assault.^[168][169]
• In Baltimore County, Maryland on May 29, 2008 eighteen year old Steven Parrish—a member of the Young Swans subgroup of the Bloods—was murdered by Steven T. Hollis III and Juan L. Flythe after they found "gay messages" on his cell phone. They felt having a gay member would make their gang appear weak and that by killing Parrish they could prevent that perception.^[170]
• On June 9, 2008, Jeremy Waggoner, an openly gay hairstylist from Royal Oak, Michigan, was brutally murdered in Detroit. His murder is still unsolved.^[171]
• On July 17, 2008, in Colorado, 18 year old Angie Zapata, a trans woman, was beaten to death two days after meeting Allen Ray Andrade. The case was prosecuted as a hate crime, and Andrade was found guilty of first degree murder on April 22, 2009.^[172]
• September 7, 2008 - Tony Randolph Hunter, 27, and his partner were attacked and beaten near a gay bar in Washington DC. Hunter later died from his injuries on September 18. Police are investigating it as a possible hate crime.^[173][174]
• September 13, 2008 in Denver, Colorado 26 year old Nima Daivari was attacked by a man who called him faggot. The police that arrived on the scene refused to make a report of the attack.^[175]
• September 15, 2008 - A Bourbonnais, Illinois elementary school bus driver was charged with leading a homophobic attack on a 10-year old student passenger. The boy was taunted by the driver who then encouraged other students to chase and beat the child.^[176]
• On November 7, 2008 in Newton, NC the home of openly gay Melvin Whistlehunt was destroyed by arsonists. Investigators found homophobic graffiti spray painted on the back of the house.^[177]
• On November 14, 2008, a 22 year old transgender woman, Lateisha Green, was shot and killed by Dwight DeLee in Syracuse, NY because he thought she was gay.^[178] Local news media reported the incident with her legal name, Moses "Teish" Cannon.^[179] DeLee was convicted of first-degree manslaughter as a hate crime on July 17, 2009 and received the maximum sentence of 25 years in state prison. This was only the second time in the nation’s history that a person was prosecuted for a hate crime against a transgender person and the first hate crime conviction in New York state.^{[180][181][182]}
• On December 7, 2008 Romel Sucuzhanya, a 31 year old straight Ecuadorean and his brother Jose, were attacked on a Brooklyn, New York street for appearing to be gay and for being Latino; they were walking arm-in-arm, which is normal for brothers in their culture. Romel later died from his injuries.^[183]
• On December 12, 2008 in Richmond, California a 28 year old lesbian was kidnapped and gang raped by four men who made homophobic remarks during the attack.^[184]
• On December 27, 2008 in Dayton, Ohio 24 year old Nathan Runkle was brutally assaulted outside a gay nightclub.^[185]
• On February 15, 2009 in New York City Efosa Agbontaen and Branden McGillvery-Dummett were attacked by four young men with glass bottles and box cutters who used anti-gay slurs during the attack. Agbontaen and McGillvery-Dummett both required emergency room treatment for their injuries.^[186]
• On February 18, 2009 two men were arrested in Stroudsburg, PA for the stabbing death of gay veteran Michael Goucher.^[187]
• On March 1, 2009 in Galveston, Texas three men entered Roberts Lafitte bar and attacked patrons with rocks. One of the victims, Marc Bosaw, was sent to the emergency room to have twelve staples in his head.^[188]
• On March 14, 2009 a gay couple leaving a Britney Spears concert in Newark, New Jersey were attacked by 15 teens. Josh Kehoe and Bobby Daniel Caldwell were called "faggots" and beaten. Caldwell suffered a broken jaw.^[189]
• On March 23, 2009 in Seaside, Oregon two gay men were attacked and left lying unconscious on a local beach. The men regained consciousness and were treated at a nearby hospital.^[190]
• On April 6, 2009, Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover, an 11 year old child in Springfield, Massachusetts, hanged himself with an extension cord after being bullied all school year by peers who said "he acted feminine" and was gay.^[191]
• On April 11, 2009 a gay man in Gloucester, Massachusetts was attacked and beaten by as many as six people outside a bar. Justin Goodwin, 36, of Salem suffered a shattered jaw, broken eye socket, broken nose and broken cheek bone.^[192]
• On June 30, 2009, Seaman August Provost was found shot to death and his body burned at his guard post on Camp Pendleton. LGBT community leaders "citing military sources initially said that Provost’s death was a hate crime."^[193] Provost had been harassed because of his sexual orientation.^[193] Military leaders have since explained that "whatever the investigation concludes, the military’s “Don't ask, don't tell” policy prevented Provost from seeking help."^[193] Family and friends believe he was murdered because he was openly gay (or bisexual according to some family and sources);^{[194][195][196][197][198]} the killer committed suicide a week later after admitting the murder, the Navy have not concluded if this was a hate crime.^[199]

See also

• Anti-gay slogan
• Biphobia
• Gay bashing
• Gay panic defense
• Hate crime
• Hate speech
• Heterosexism
• Lesbophobia
• Stop murder music
• Pink Pistols
• Transphobia
• List of unlawfully killed transgender people

References

1. ^ Joanna Sugden, Bishop accuses gays of 'conspiracy' against the Catholic Church, Times Online 13 March 2008
2. ^ Theodosian Code 9.8.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.
3. ^ ^{a b c} (Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.
4. ^ Justinian Novels 77, 144
5. ^ The Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BC) states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch", see Sodomy_law#History
6. ^ World Day against Death Penalty Seven countries still put people to death for same-sex acts
7. ^ Gays Deserve Torture, Death Penalty, Iranian Minister Says
8. ^ Homosexuality and Religion, http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/homosexuality.html#Islam
9. ^ Is Beheading Really the Punishment for Homosexuality in Saudi Arabia?
10. ^ Love, Hate and the Law: Decriminalizing Homosexuality; Amnesty International (2008)
11. ^ Burundi: Repeal Law Criminalizing Homosexuality; Human Rights Watch (24th April 2009)
12. ^ Amnesty International (12 December 2008). "United Nations: General assembly to address sexual orientation and gender identity - Statement affirms promise of Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Press release. http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGIOR410452008. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
13. ^ Amnesty International (12 December 2008). "UN: General Assembly statement affirms rights for all". Press release. http://www.amnesty.org/es/library/asset/IOR40/024/2008/en/269de167-d107-11dd-984e-fdc7ffcd27a6/ior400242008en.pdf. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
14. ^ Pleming, Sue (18 March 2009). "In turnaround, U.S. signs U.N. gay rights document". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE52H5CK20090318. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
15. ^ Violence against gays preached in British mosques claims new documentary
16. ^ Homophobic attacks in Amsterdam: the perpetrators
17. ^ Does Germany Have a Problem With Gay Hate Crime?
18. ^ Dancehall star signs Reggae Compassionate Act
19. ^ Pope accused of stoking homophobia after he equates homosexuality to climate change
20. ^ Evangelical leader criticises failure to condemn violence against gays
21. ^ Vatican U.N. delegation calls for end to unjust discrimination against homosexuals
22. ^ A church's struggle over gay marriage, The United Church of Christ — famous for setting precedent — considers backing same-sex marriage at its national synod, by Jane Lampman | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
23. ^ Coalition seeks ejection of reggae stars over anti-gay lyrics
24. ^ ^{a b} Altschiller, Donald (2005), Hate Crimes: a reference handbook, ABC-CLIO, pp. 26–28
25. ^ 'Sorry, we can't help you' - Sydney Star Observer
26. ^ Vigil Attracts Huge Crowd — Sydney Star Observer
27. ^ Bashing Victims to Lead Parade — Sydney Star Observer
28. ^ Gay beauty contest winner murdered- from Pink News- all the latest gay news from the gay community - Pink News
29. ^ Gay rights leader attacked in Brazil- from Pink News- all the latest gay news from the gay community - Pink News
30. ^ Gay community troubled by release of killer in Stanley Park death
31. ^ Vancouver Police Seek Hate Charge
32. ^ No hate charges in attack on Oshawa lesbians
33. ^ Lesbians seek hate crime charges after attack
34. ^ Croat charged with hate crime for attempting to attack gay parade - International Herald Tribune
35. ^ MyWire | AFP: Violence at Croatian Gay Pride march
36. ^ Iraqi police 'killed 14-year-old boy for being homosexual' - The Independent
37. ^ Gays Living in Shadows of New Iraq New York Times
38. ^ Iraqi Ayatollah removes gay fatwa Pink News
39. ^ "Out at last", Sunday Business Post, June 8, 2008, http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2008/06/08/story33417.asp
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External links

• Barry Yeoman, Murder on the Mountain, Out Magazine
• Gay Bashings In Schools- A survey released in 2006 shows that gay teens still experience homophobic attacks in their schools
• Pictures from Belgrade (Serbian) Pride Parade 30 June 2001

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